Biological characterization of the osteogenic, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of fullerene-modified zirconia and titanium alloy implant surfaces
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Dental implants interface both with bone and the mucosal soft tissue. Therefore, the clinical success of the implant is not only strongly dependent on its osseointegration, but also on the stable anchorage of the epithelial and submucosal connective-tissue to the implant surface. Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of the implant surface support long-term stability of this soft tissue anchorage by preventing peri-implantitis. Although it is well-known that fullerenes possess excellent biocompatibility and antibacterial properties, their use for surface functionalization of dental implants is poorly investigated. The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the impact of various surface modification modes of zirconia and titanium alloy dental implants with fullerenes on the osteogenic, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of the dental implant surfaces in vitro. Quantitative analysis of early and late osteogenic marker expression as well as calcium deposition was used to characterize the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells grown on dental implants with different surface modification. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties, the protein and mRNA expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines from THP-1 differentiated macrophages under LPS challenge were assessed. The antibacterial rate of different surface variants was tested by quantification of E.coli adherence and growth. The results showed that fullerene surface functionalization rendered excellent antibacterial properties of the functionalized dental implant surfaces and minimized the inflammatory response to zirconia dental implants, while yielding no benefit for osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, a partial fullerene surface modification of the per-mucosal portion of dental implants with a threaded screw design may hold great promise for designing dental implants which an enhanced capacity of withstanding the bacterial and inflammatory challenges leading to peri-implantitis.
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