Gut–Brain Axis and Brain Microbiome Interactions from a Medical Perspective
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MDPI
Abstract
Background: The gut microbiome directly impacts brain health and activity,
meaning the two are closely associated. This relationship suggests a link between microbial
imbalances and diseases such as Alzheimer’s, although multiple other contributing factors,
such as genetics, also play a part. Additionally, recent studies discovered that cerebrospinal
fluid has some microbial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which can be interpreted to mean a
microbiome exists in the brain too. The vagus nerve and the central nervous and immune
systems are responsible for the connection between the brain and gut microbiome. Aims
and Objectives: The main aim of this systematic review is to analyze existing research on
the gut–brain axis and the brain microbiome to fill the current knowledge gap. Materials
and Methods: A search was conducted on the PubMed database based on a set of prede-
fined MeSH terms. Results: After the search, 2716 articles meeting the MeSH parameters
were found in PubMed. This list was then downloaded and analyzed according to the
inclusion/exclusion criteria, and 63 relevant papers were selected. Discussion: Bacteria
in the gut microbiome produce some substances that are considered neuroactive. These
compounds can directly or indirectly affect brain function through the gut–brain axis.
However, various knowledge gaps on the mechanisms involved in this connection need to
be addressed first.
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Except where otherwised noted, this item's license is described as Attribution 4.0 International