Targeting Resistance Pathways in Breast Cancer Through Precision Oncology: Nanotechnology and Immune Modulation Approaches
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MDPI
Abstract
According to theWHO, in 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer
(BC) and 670,000 deaths globally. BC remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality,
with therapeutic resistance representing a significant barrier to effective treatment, particularly
in aggressive subtypes like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). This review article discusses
emerging strategies to overcome resistance by integrating precision oncology, nanotechnologybased
drug delivery, and immune modulation. Resistance mechanisms—such as metabolic
reprogramming, tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, autophagy, and the role of cancer
stem cells—are critically examined. We highlight cutting-edge nanoplatforms that co-deliver
chemotherapeutics and immune stimulants with spatiotemporal precision, including sonodynamic
and photothermal systems, ADCs, and targeted nanoparticles. Moreover, advances in
tumor microenvironment (TME) modulation, photoimmunotherapy, and exosomal miRNA
targeting offer promising avenues to enhance immunogenicity and therapeutic durability.
The integration of molecular profiling with advanced computational approaches, including
artificial intelligence and biomimetic models, holds significant promise for the future development
of personalized resistance-mitigating interventions, though a detailed exploration
is beyond the current scope. Collectively, these strategies reflect a paradigm shift from conventional
monotherapies toward multifaceted, precision-guided treatment approaches. This
review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current innovations and propose future
directions for overcoming drug resistance in BC.
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Except where otherwised noted, this item's license is described as Attribution 4.0 International